Seven inventions that we use every day, but we didn’t know that they were created in ancient Rome

Many of the things that we still use today are taken for granted, and we no longer ask ourselves, “Hey, how did this come about?” we can still be grateful to this day.

Books

Although it was written before Rome, the books we know today, the hardbound ones, were created right there. They were known as the codex, which referred to the hard covers that protect the contents inside. Although such books were created already in the 1st century, they came into wider use relatively slowly, and became the standard only in the 4th century.

Apartments

Many apartments of famous Europeans are still visited today as tourist attractions, so people like to visit places where famous people lived who did not even engage in similar jobs, for which Coco Chanel and Sigmund Freud are good examples. Well, the concept of apartments originated in ancient Rome, as a result of population growth and large-scale urbanization.

Over time, the architects there began to build higher and higher buildings in which different families lived in different housing units. And that’s how the Romans invented apartments!

Newspaper

Well, of course, it’s not a newspaper as we know it today, it didn’t look anything like that, and the pictures were clearly not included. Nevertheless, the Romans were constantly informed about events in the empire, and ordinary newspapers were carved in stone and placed in frequent places.

Of course, it should be taken into account that considering the level of literacy, the majority of citizens still had no idea what they were writing. However, it remains recorded that the first newspaper was published in 59 BC, during the reign of Caesar.

The post office

Given the size of the Empire, which spanned three continents, it was necessary to somehow devise and find a way to communicate and transmit messages as efficiently as possible to the most remote parts of the country.

The delivery of state and private letters and messages was the responsibility of the Cursus Publicus courier service, which was founded by Emperor Augustus and which functioned as the first postal service in the world.

Dental implants

Of course, you would laugh at them today, but 100 years before Christ, the Roman writer Celsus created a guide to oral medicine, in which he stated how to treat tooth loss, as well as toothache.

Archaeologists’ discovery from 1998 also tells how they practiced “dentistry” in Rome. Namely, then in France they found the remains of people from the 1st or 2nd century, who had an iron implant, shaped exactly like a lost tooth.

Air conditioning

Well, it wasn’t about air conditioning as we know it today, but the Romans already had an ingenious way to cool down.

Namely, the famous aqueducts were used not only for the delivery of drinking water, but also for cooling the homes of wealthy Romans. Namely, the water would pass through pipes in the walls and floors of Roman houses and thus cool the homes.

Ham

Although the first evidence suggests that ham was invented by the Chinese, it was the Romans who discovered it and introduced it into the lives of Europeans. The reasons for this were, first of all, the need to find food that could stand for days in various conditions, and the meat was salted and dried.

Little by little, that’s how we got to ham, a product that we all happily consume today in various forms.

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Every corner of our planet has its own rules: These are the strangest laws in countries around the world

Every country has its charms and is special for its traditions, nature, people and laws. No, we’re not talking about laws like, say, the right to education, traffic laws and so on, but it’s also nothing like the Code of Hammurabi.

Here are five unusual laws from different countries:

It is forbidden to replace the bulb if you are not an electrician

In Australia, up until about 20 years ago, it was against the law to change a light bulb yourself if you didn’t have an electrician’s license. According to reports, the reason is the death that can follow as a result of changing the light bulbs.

This would certainly not be possible in our area, but especially since it would be difficult for us to imagine that a chair is only used for sitting, and not for changing light bulbs.

Hell for forgetful husbands

Samoa is a country that is particularly popular because of one important rule: “You must never forget your wife’s birthday.” If the husband forgets once, he can be warned, but for repeating the same thing, he can be arrested. A possible solution for husbands is a safe date tattoo. Samoa is a country that is particularly popular because of one important rule: “You must never forget your wife’s birthday.” If the husband forgets once, he can be warned, but for repeating the same thing, he can be arrested. A possible solution for husbands is a sure date tattoo.

You may not wear masks in Denmark

It’s not just masks, but anything that can cover your face completely. It definitely detracts from the full Halloween experience.

You must walk your dog at least three times a day

In Turin, Italy, people with pets are required to walk them at least three times a day, otherwise they face a fine of up to 500 euros. Italy is considered a country that takes great care of animals, which can be seen in this law.

You must give up your toilet if someone asks you for that service

You read that right, in Scotland, if someone asks you to use your toilet, you have to let them. This is admittedly more of a myth about the law than it is actually real, probably because Scotland is considered a very hospitable country and since ancient times people have had this rule as a sign of their politeness.

So, if you live in this state, chances are, when you hear a bell or a knock at your door, you may find yourself in a situation where your toilet is not always yours alone.

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Did the Earth’s core stop and go in the other direction: a shocking discovery by Chinese scientists


Research by Chinese scientists indicates that the rotation of the Earth’s inner core has stopped, compared to the mantle, as early as 2009. Thousands of kilometers below the surface of our planet, something strange may be happening. Prevailing scientific theories say that the Earth’s core rotates faster than the core envelope and the rest of the planet, but in the same direction, in which the Earth rotates. However, Chinese scientists claim that new data indicate that this is no longer the case.

“We were very surprised,” said Yi Yang and Xiaodong Song, seismologists at Peking University, whose research was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Mysteries of the Earth’s interior

The results of their research could clarify many mysteries of the Earth’s interior, including which part of the inner core is responsible for maintaining the planetary magnetic field and affects the speed of the Earth’s rotation, writes the journal “Nature”.

Scientists discovered the inner core in 1936, after studying how seismic waves from earthquakes travel through the planet. Changes in the speed of the waves revealed that the planet’s core, which is about 7,000 kilometers wide, consists of a solid core, made mostly of iron, inside a shell of liquid iron and other elements. As iron from the outer core crystallizes on the surface of the inner core, it changes the density of the outer liquid, causing turbulent motions that maintain Earth’s magnetic field.

The Earth’s magnetic field

The liquid outer core essentially separates the inner core 2,400 kilometers wide from the rest of the planet, so the inner core can spin at its own pace. In 1996, Song and other scientists began studying earthquakes observed in the same region over three decades, whose energy was detected by the same monitoring station thousands of kilometers away. Since the 1960s, scientists say, the travel time of seismic waves from those earthquakes has changed, indicating that the inner core is rotating faster than the planet’s mantle, the layer just above the outer core.
Later studies specified the extent of this “superrotation” of the inner core, concluding that it rotates faster than the mantle by about one-tenth of a degree per year.

The inner core stopped moving relative to the mantle

However, not all scientists agree with that thesis. Other papers suggest that superrotation occurs mainly in different periods, such as the early 2000s, and argue that it is not a continuous, stable phenomenon. Some scientists even argue that superrotation does not exist and that the differences in earthquake travel times are caused by physical changes on the surface of the inner core.

In June of last year, John Vidal and Wei Wang of the University of Southern California published a scientific paper that disrupted established studies in this area. Using data on seismic waves generated by US nuclear tests in 1969 and 1971, they concluded that between those years, Earth’s inner core “subrotated,” or rotated more slowly than the mantle. Only after 1971, as they claim, did it accelerate and begin to superrotate.

Influence on the length of the day and the magnetic field

Song and Yang conclude that the inner core can oscillate with periods of about 70 years – changing rotation directions every 35 years. The scientists conclude that these oscillations could explain the known 60- to 70-year variations in the length of Earth’s days and the behavior of the planet’s magnetic field.
Still, many questions remain, such as how to reconcile the slow pace of change Yang and Song report with some of the more rapid changes observed by other scientists. The only way out is to wait for more earthquakes to occur, and to study the data about them.

“The long history of continuous seismic recording is critical to tracking the motion of the planet’s heart,”

Yang and Song say.

Seismologist John Vidal, who has also dealt with this phenomenon, states that he thinks we are on the threshold of a solution.

“But I’m still not sure about that.” We will have to wait,”.

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The Archeological Hoax of the Century: The Lie That Managed to Fool Thousands of Scientists for 40 Years

The so-called “Piltdown Man” is an archaeological discovery of the remains of a skull and jaw excavated in 1912 from a grave in Piltdown, a village in East Sussex. They were presented as a “missing link” – a transition between man and ape and as a fossil previously unknown to science. The world was then amazed by this new discovery.

A part of the skull, several teeth and jaws were discovered. The remains were given the Latin name – Eoanthropus dawsoni.
The only problem? It was about fraud! There was no “missing link”. The Piltdown Man wasn’t real.

The archaeological hoax of the century

Scientists immediately questioned this discovery. It has been discussed and debated for decades, but no one has been able to neither dispute nor confirm it with certainty.

The finding thus remained controversial until 1953, when, thanks to new technology, it was definitively declared a hoax! It turned out to be made of the lower jaw of an orangutan and the skull of a modern man, writes Allday.com.

The hoax is believed to have been masterminded by the “discoverer” of the Piltdown Man – Charles Dawson, an amateur geologist and lawyer who was among the members of the expedition that “discovered” the fossil. It was he who gathered several distinguished scientists to study the remains he found. He died in 1916, long before the findings were disputed.

The “Piltdown Hoax” is probably the most famous of the archaeological hoaxes. The discovery has been debated for over 40 years and, although Donson was the prime suspect, his responsibility has never been proven with certainty.

A few other possible creators of the fraud were suggested, but to this day it is not known who organized everything.

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